Sociology: The Study of Culture Essay -- Sociology Essays

Commonly I have endeavored to grasp the activities of others. I generally needed to realize why individuals of various sexes, drops, and hues had certain social, cultural, and strict convictions. It got obvious to me that all people are an immediate impression of their condition. As it were, all people unknowingly, and some of the time intentionally, reflect and emulate their condition and the things that they see. Each culture has their own individual generalizations and conviction frameworks. The explanation behind this is individuals place subjective implications on life's events dependent on those of the people which went before them. Thought examples of an individual are for the most part subordinate upon the lessons of others. We see and comprehend the physical and social world dependent on the implications we append to individuals, things, and activities. To lay it out plainly our brains are totally guided by the power of different personalities that are increasingly evolved than our own. This is each of the a piece of Sociological investigation. These examinations take a gander at the transcendent mentalities, conduct, and kinds of connections inside a general public. A general public is a gathering of individuals who have a comparative social foundation and live in a particular land zone. be that as it may, before we get into this anyway Lets make a stride back and take a gander at the field wherein these investigations get from. Humanism is a sociology that reviews people, gatherings, and organizations that make up human culture. It is a perception of how individuals identify with each other and to their surroundings. They additionally study the development of gatherings; the reasons for different types of social conduct; and the job of houses of worship, schools, and different organizations inside a general public. Social conduct is concentrated broadly in the field of s... ...rom every mainstream practice. This incorporates staring at the TV, tuning in to radio or participating in any exercises which isn't in veneration of their religion. To a Christian anyway this training would appear to be crazy. Their existence doesn't convey similar convictions. Despite the fact that these are only a couple of models it gives you a thought of how a people topographical area and social foundation can shape their people conviction. A significant number of which are not polished by other societies. In the event that you needed to all the more likely comprehend a people ways or why it is that individuals of various ethnic foundations have various convictions and practices. It is ideal to begin with attempting to get that people culture and their socialization procedure. When you start to get a handle on a comprehension and they way they have grew up then it will be more clear why they get things done with a particular goal in mind.

The eNotes Blog Celebrating 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice (and Darcy,mmmm)

Celebrating 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice (and Darcy,mmmm) I need to disclose to you that I have my own dear kid from London. These are the words Jane Austen kept in touch with her sister Cassandra 200 years back, on January 29th, 1813. What's more, the sweetheart kid she talked about? As a matter of fact her firstborn novel, of coursePride Prejudice. The tale was distributed only a day prior, after numerous long periods of entries to and dismissals by different London distributers. Austen had finished the composition with its unique title of First Impressions in 1797. From that point, such a large number of imminent distributers declined to try and see the work that PP experienced 14 years of overwhelming altering to become what it is today. Finally, the editorial manager Thomas Egerton purchased the book for a meagerâ â £110, the likeness just $172 today. Fortunately, as it is a fact generally recognized, Pride Prejudice proceeded to become the trendy novel of now is the right time, yet one of the most adored (and acquired) accounts of English writing. 200 years on, it motivates everything from its express side projects (Death at Pemberley, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, and so forth), to the more quietly taken chick-lit and film plots of today. What's more, presently, in the seven day stretch of this achievement commemoration, a huge number of articles devoted to everything Austenesque. So feast your eyes on these artistic snack, Darcy darlings: 12 Things You Didnt Know About Pride Prejudice The 2 Problems in Pride Prejudice, According to PD James Putting forth the defense for the best Darcy: will it be Colin Firth, or Matthew Macfadyen? The Real Face of Jane Austen Heres another intriguing couple of goodies I ran over today Ever considered what Austens peers and individual creators thought of her self-admitted light, and splendid, and shining novel? It appears that Charlotte Bront㠫â was none excessively intrigued, however shockingly it was because of the books absence of a trademark scene more than everything else: Charlotte Brontã «,â in a letter to [the critic] Lewes, composed that Pride and Prejudiceâ was a mistake, a painstakingly fenced, profoundly developed nursery, with slick fringes and sensitive blossoms; butâ no open nation, no outside air, no blue slope, no bonny beck. In the mean time, in 1937 the artist W.H. Auden brazenly pondered that Austen was extremely experienced for an honorable woman of her time and social standing: You were unable to stun her more than she stuns me, Alongside her Joyce seems guiltless as grass. It makes me generally awkward to see An English old maid of the white collar class Depict the passionate impacts of metal, Uncover so honestly and with such balance The monetary premise of society. So there you have it, a couple of delicious subtleties encompassing by a wide margin the best sentiment plot in British writing. However, on the off chance that youd like to find out additional, there are a lot of study guides for, you know, such significant scholastic stuff: Pride Prejudice Study Guide Jane Austen Biography Authentic Context of the Novel Character Analysis of the Novel what's more, considerably more on ! Be watching out for approaches to praise the commemoration in your general vicinity. With this numerous Austenites around the world, there must be a Meryton ball some place close by. By what method will you celebrate 200 years of PP?

I Flew to Utah to Read in the Mountains

I Flew to Utah to Read in the Mountains After dreaming from my cubicle of a reading vacation, I finally did it. When my partner scheduled work travel to Utah in January, I researched flights. $190 round-trip seemed reasonable for a free-for-me hotel stay with a gym, light-cancelling curtains, and continental breakfast. As soon as my manager approved my time-off request, I booked it. No stranger to completing residency applications, tightening writing samples, and paying fees, I pondered the difference between being awarded a fellowship and funding my own. Of course, I want the allure and CV bullet, but if I can save money and time by cutting out the submission process, why not? (I do note and am grateful for my blessings: health, a supportive and childless relationship, and finallyâ€"after almost five years of freelancingâ€"paid vacation.) While my fiancé worked 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Thursday, I woke with deep yoga stretches, pulled open the curtains, and either found scraps of mountains in the inversion or stared at their gigantic, majestic splendor on the horizon. After breakfast potatoes, bacon, and coffee, I consulted a stack of reads from home and Weller Book Works to jumpstart the magic. Without the office, chores, and Netflix, I flirted with wide-open days. With snowy caps gazing over my shoulder, I ate to-go salads, instant soup, and drank cup after cup from the hissing coffee maker. I thought of Maya Angelou and her elbow “absolutely encrusted…with callouses” from propping herself up on hotel beds surrounded by walls with nothing on them. In The Paris Review’s “The Art of Fiction No. 119” conducted by George Plimpton, Angelou explains she kept rooms for months near every home. Of the luxury, she said: I go into the room and I feel as if all my beliefs are suspended. Nothing holds me to anything. No milkmaids, no flowers, nothing. I just want to  feel  and then when I start to work I’ll remember.   Now, I understand. When I couldn’t edit or write, I alternated books. I had been impatiently waiting for Little Fires Everywhere, which I began at Gate 28, since Everything I Never Told You. After discovering Louise Erdrich published poetry, I wanted to read  Jacklight,  Baptism of Desire, and  Original Fire: Selected and New Poems,  but the wish had slipped from my memory until I touched the spine of her second collection. Vacillating between Erdrich’s and Celeste Ng’s wisdom, I felt lifted up by their writing. Ng’s words rung like a refrain: “Everything, she had come to understand, was something like infinity.” I read Erdrich’s one-sentence poem, “Birth,” an obsessive amount of times: “When they were wild / When they were not yet human / When they could have been anything, / I was on the other side ready with milk to lure them, / And their father, too, each name a net in his hands.” A nine-to-fiver, I’m used to chipping away at the manuscript, a few pages before and after work, and reading a chapter or essay or crown of sonnets before bed. Before sacrificing my creative time, I forgo other things: cleaning, cooking, running, washing my hair. On my reading vacation, I read 255 pages, edited 256 manuscript pages, wrote nine pages longhand, submitted to six lit mags, and ran 12.35 miles. At night, I dined with my love then spent the hour or two before turning off the lamp reflecting and browsing a few of the articles I had hearted earlier. The sustained progress was refreshing, a radicalâ€"for meâ€"act of self-care after clocking five days of overtime in December.  About money, Dorothy Parker stated, “I dont know much about being a millionaire, but Ill bet Id be darling at it.” Well, I’d be darling at being a full-time writer. I welcome, welcome, welcome the rarity.

Government Intervention in Agriculture Industry in...

Nowadays in Indonesia, Fruits and vegetables have become rare items due to slow distribution and poor transportation (TheJakartaPost, 2010). This will cause price of fruits and vegetables to increase due to shortage of supply. Not only that, inequality in distribution of income by farmers has take place due to lack of capital acess (TheJakartaPost, 2010). The market economy requires institution such as government to implement policies and making decisions to maintain market and avoid market failures like monopoly and negative externalities. Government intervention such as decision to guarantee continuous supplies of horticultural products will not only complement the high demand and needs for nutrition by society, but it will also avoid†¦show more content†¦While due to shortage in their supply, in June 2010 prices of rice and chili have increased by 2.67% and 45.7% (BPS, 2010). It indicates that price mechanism has been working along side with less government intervention i ncluded. If this continues, not only price will increase due to high demand and scarce of goods, but it will also affect the amount of nutrition taken by society, where fruits and vegetables are the staple food of daily diets. This clearly shows that action has to be done by the government, to varying people’s diet and to improve nutrition, and also to stabilize the prices of horticultural products as well. Government is working on a bill to improve fruit and vegetables supplies, in order to guarantee a continuous supply of horticultural products and to improve market outcome by facilitating better capital access, financing and providing guarantees (TheJakartaPost, 2010). These will prevent shortage of supply in market and will avoid prices to increase. Government will also have to come out with policy in order to achieve goal of equality. Dadi Sudiana, chairperson of Chili Agribusiness Association stated that â€Å"We always [profit less] from high priced staple foods such as red chili†. Things get worse when farmers are forced to split their profit with brokers (TheShow MoreRelatedIncreasing Number Of Infections Among Women1728 Words   |  7 Pageswelfare of children. Rather than just developing HIV and AIDS specific strategies, the different governments, development agencies and civil society must collaborate to develop and implement HIV and AIDS sensitive strategies that wi ll make a difference globally. WHO currently assists Indonesia and the rest of the global community to reduce the percentage of mother-to-child transmission to less than 5%. Indonesia with the rest of the global community is committed to progress the prevention of mother-to-childRead MoreThe Conservation Of The Sumatran Elephant1518 Words   |  7 Pagesplayed monumental roles in increasing this worrying statistic. The lack of regard to other species has caused the Sumatran Elephant to be on the brink of extinction. 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In palm oil industry, Thailand’s recorded asRead MoreHistory of the Philippine Agriculture9560 Words   |  39 PagesPhilippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls 1 Cielito F. Habito and Roehlano M. Briones 2 Introduction Although many still think of the Philippines as an agricultural economy, strictly speaking, it is not. Agriculture, fishery and forestry directly account for just one-fifth (20 percent) of the economy’s aggregate domestic output (GDP). Ever since the 1960s, the direct share of agriculture in the GDP had fallen below one-third, and by 1981, the sector’s share had decreasedRead MoreThe Indonesian Forest Holocaust3277 Words   |  14 Pages â€Æ' Introduction The tropical rainforest of Indonesia was once the most biologically diverse forests in the world. Its rainforests accounted for 10% of the world’s plant species, 12% of the world’s mammal species, 16% of reptile species and 17% of the bird species (Hamilton 1996). In the late 1960s, commercial exploitation of Indonesia’s natural forests became a means to boost economic development under the Suharto’s regime by enabling the government to issue logging concessions. However, the lackRead MoreThe Role Of Agriculture During The Soviet Union Age And Now1967 Words   |  8 PagesRussia Introduction Russia is a country with sufficient natural resource and labour to support its agriculture development. Agriculture is not just important to Russia’s economic contribution but also impact the agriculture market changes surround it and international market. In addition, there are some significant changes between agriculture in former Soviet Union age and now. Now the agriculture in Russia faces the challenges the opportunity at the same time. Economic background As people knowRead MorePhilippines and Vietnam Economy5126 Words   |  21 PagesPhilippines is a large country, with high population density, and a population growth rate relatively higher (2.2 percent per year in 1990-94) then the SEA standard. The ratio of urban population is high. The country spends a sizeable proportion of government budget, 16 percent in 1993, on education; and literacy rate is more than 80 percent. In the beginning of the 70s, the Philippines was one of the richest countries in Asia, next only to Japan and Malaysia, with an economic growth of around 5-6 percentRead MoreGovernment Intervention And Its Effect On Consumer Interest1820 Words   |  8 PagesGovernment intervention is when government gets involved in the markets and takes action to try to correct market failure and so improve economic efficiency (tutor2u, 2014). As for today there is no country in the world where it’s government don’t interfere. Government impose protectionist policies that are intended to support domestic producers using various instruments such as tariffs, anti dumping duties, import quotas and much more (Fouda, 2012). A variety of policies have been proposed and implementedRead MoreChina And The High Asian Economies3127 Words   |  13 Pageswell as the NIE’s of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Controversial issues have been raised in relation to the affilia tion between the government, the private sector and the market. As a consequence of the coexistence of public policies and rapid growth in some of the HPAEs particularly Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. Moreover government intervention within these economies has been a necessity to promote development. Policy interventions, according to the World Bank report cameRead MoreComparative Education13537 Words   |  55 Pagesdomains of reference: mechanical construction, electrical construction, and economics management and computer science. Clearly, the chosen references oriented technology education in Jacques Ginestià © Analyzing Technology Education the world of industry towards electro-mechanical production, to the exclusion of other possibilities (Ginestià ©, 2001b). The main problem in introducing the TE curriculum has been to link the general aims to the specific fields (Sanders, 1999; Ginestià ©, 2004). These

The Incarceration Of Minority Youth - 883 Words

The increasing rate of imprisoned minority adolescent youth and young males in the criminal justice system. For this reason there needs to be interventions available to this population to create a change in society. †¢ The changing number of adolescent and youth minority prisoners : The incarceration of minority youth is at a high as well as the cost for the imprisonment of them in their states, many of their offenses are non-violent. There is a need for initiatives to be created to reduce the numbers of imprisoned youths. Male youth of color are entering the criminal justice system in an increasing amount. This does not only change the life of their families, the communities they live in and the families of the crimes by the offender. It’s understandable that the at-risk adolescents are from poor communities, some or little to no education, no family support. We need to have an understanding of why our prisons are being populated a majority with juveniles minorities. In an article written by Glenn E. Martin- President and Founder of JustLeadershipUSA, he was incarcerated for nine years and then paroled and on probation supervision. His story which has been published in the Ebony magazine emphasizes that 60%of the prison system with high rates of minority juvenile incarceration. †¢ When and what cause this significant change occur in the criminal justice system? The influences that lead to this population becoming at risk individuals into the criminal justice system isShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Has Always Been A Concern In How It Should Be1625 Words   |  7 Pageswhether it be legal or illegal, if it harmful or not, and even if it is for the privileged or minorities. Marijuana brings different controversies and currently legalized in some states and not in others, but a major issue is the arrest/incarceration rates based on the ethnicity of those who use and are caught with marijuana. 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This is a problem because the overrepresentation of minorities within the juvenile justice system is not reflective of their national population percentages. Nationally, Latino and African American youth only comprise 38% of the total juvenile population combined, while Caucasian youth alone represent the majority of the population with 56% (The Census Bureau, 2010)Read MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration r ate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. 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How to Beat the January Blues Free Essays

Let’s be honest, January is a gloomy old month. Christmas and new year frivolity are in the distant past, and everyone’s broke because we’re still paying for them. The days are short and grey, it’s cold and gloomy and spring seems an age away. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Beat the January Blues or any similar topic only for you Order Now But it’s not all doom and gloom! Today we look at what you can do to get the better of the January blues! Expand your cultural palate! There’s no shame in investing some serious time on the sofa, but if you’re going to become a sofa bear this January, you might as well do it productively. Remember that book you were going to read, or that film you were going to watchNow’s the time to get your teeth into those and conquer them before the days start getting longer and warmer! Get some fresh air Open your front door and make the most of the fresh winter weather. Whether it is raining, windy or even snowing, it’s not excuse not to get your wellies on and get outside. Experiencing a bit of fresh air will do a lot to blow away those December cobwebs and help put a spring back in your step. Try dry January Start by saying the words ‘dry January’ very slowly, over and over again. it might seem a terrifying thought, but actually giving up drinking alcohol for the whole of January could be the exact type of detox that your body needs after Christmas and New Years! ‘Winter’ clean Like Spring cleaning, ‘Winter Cleaning’ is easy. Put away all the leftover wrapping and mess from the Christmas parties adn the lazy days on the sofa. Start to file away your possessions and create some space for you to clear your mind. Use our site If the thought of failing your exams or essays is making your January seem even greyer, then why not speak to us at our site and find out how we can help alleviate your stress and get And you’re done! Having achieved all this, retreat back to bed and wait for February. How to cite How to Beat the January Blues, Essay examples

Professional Experience Placement

Question: You are required to write about an aspect of your PEP or an event that occurred during your clinical practice and develop your thoughts using both theoretical understandings and personal reflections. This means that you might choose to write, at times, from the First Person. You will also need to integrate current literature to explore your understandings and to clarify how this experience has further informed your understanding of your role as a mental health nurse. Answer: Introduction This particular reflective essay is focused on the aspect related to my Personal Experience Placement (PEP) that occurs during my clinical practice. The way how I develop my thoughts using theoretical understanding as well as personal reflections are briefly mentioned in this reflective essay. Moreover, the literature related to the particular reflective essay that is mental health care are also included in this reflective essay to underpinning my professional objectives. In addition, my real life experiences are also included in this reflective essay for understanding the further improvement of my skills as well as knowledge. Assessing own Experience on Mental Health Workplace Pain is considered to that situation while service users are unable to take the comfort of their natural activities as commented by Rigby et al. (2012). As a nurse, it is my duty to accept those serious reasons that are causing pain of any service user as well as exploring the perceptions of the service users along with the report of experiences. It is necessary to mention that, I realized that, services users often reported their serious pain by taking various ways. The expression for reporting the pain is on nature as well the intensity of the pain felt by the service users. The perception of the service users related to the pain is little more though as well as the perception includes the impact of the pain on the body of the service users as opined by Townsend (2014). As I am presently holding the position in mental health care services as a registered nurse, I have already experienced that, the explanation related to why the pain is occurred as well as what are the indicators an d the symptoms in the body are revealed by the doctors. The reason for assuming about the pain by the doctors because the frail service users are unable to express their proper feelings to the doctors or the nurses as I experienced with my profession. On the other hand, I am always trying to assess the account of the pain that are felt by the services users by treating them a better quality of services that are the necessity for treating the mental or frail service users. Moreover, I explore my real life experience or assessment of pain in this essay; as I already had conducted with one of my serious services user who was 65 years old (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2016). The name of the service user was Mrs. Dickney. She was a frail service user and always seeking for hitting her hands to the hard obstacles. In this essay, I describe the assessment related to the pain felt by Mrs. Dickney as well as I am trying to share few ideas that were provoked me in assessing the pain of her with an enhanced aspect. It is necessary to mention that, the mental health case of Mrs. Dickney was made me for thinking about the other service users who are also availing with the same serious health issues with my workplace. Additionally, I was influenced by the case as well as I assessed my exact job responsibilities that are the serious need for providing better quality services as a nurse. I used Personal Experience Placement (PEP) according to my experience for prepar ing my profession as a registered nurse. It is necessary to mention that, I am really helped by the personal experience placement (PEP); as I treat it as an effective part of enhancing my profession as a nurse as it was suggested by Yasin (2013). On the other hand, during my mental health care practices the significant impact of the professional experience placement (PEP) takes a vital role in improving my real life experience as well as helps me for improving my clinical skills as well as the significant theories that are highly helpful for mental health care practice. As a result, I was able to provide a better quality of services to Mrs. Dickney; as she was affected by the lung issue since few months of her death. I helped her in avoiding the respiratory issues by providing a sufficient amount of oxygen. In addition, I communicate with her husband as well as her children with a brief manner as well as always provide the latest updated health condition of Mrs. Dickney. The Serious Situation As I remember, Mrs Dickney was admitted to the hospital where I am working for last six months in serious frail condition. She was not able to control her movements as well as she was unable to walk. Primarily, the doctor who was in charge of the emergency department at that time pushed a high dose of sleeping injection for controlling her. I was appointed to Mrs. Dickney from the first day. I always provide her healthy and hygienic treatments that are prescribed by the doctors. As opined by Schaffmeister (2015), most of the fail service users are unable to decide what have to be done depending on the situation as well as confuse the others with their behaviors. This particular incident happened in the case of Mrs. Dickney. She always tried to hit her hand to the obstacles as well as always trying to run inside the room where the treatment procedure was running. As per the confession statement of the husband of Mrs. Dickney, she was a smoker as well as she was always tried to find th e issues of her husband for proving that her husband was not loyal to her. As a result, she always tried to harm herself and always ignored to take the prescribed medicines as the other frail service users do as identified by Alasmee, Cross and McCauley (2014). In addition, she was always tried to provoke the other nurses for bringing cigarettes for her. She was often highly aggressive while doctors are scolded her for her self-harm activities. It is necessary to mention that, the community nurse listened properly to Mrs. Dickney as well as then discussed that it was not normal to have the abnormal behavior as well as panic for taking the medicines that are prescribed by the doctors for better treatment. However, one of the professional nurses was provoked by Mrs. Dickney and brought five cigarettes for her smoking activity. That particular nurse was caught red handed as she confessed that, she was doing that serious illegal activity since two weeks. Few days after, I noticed that Mrs. Dickney was affected with her respiratory issue; as she was not inhaling the air in a proper manner. Own Feelings As per I remember, I felt a mixture of various emotions such as surprise, impotence, confusion as well as anger in handling the serious case of Mrs.Dickney. Mrs. Dickney had shocked me while she announced that she is availing the respiratory issue since few days. As stated by Sharon (2013), a respiratory issue can be highly dangerous to those persons who are treated as the frail service users in the term of medical science. On the other hand, I was very angry while she was ignoring my orders that have to be done for curing her up as well as she repetitively hit her hands to the wall of her room. However, I was always trying to read her reactions every time as well as I wrote all the significant activities of Mrs. Dickney and reported it to the doctor who provided treatment to her. On the other hand, I also remember that, I was involved in a debate as one my colleague was not ready to help me while Mrs. Dickney seemed highly aggressive with her behavior. That particular colleague was doing illegal activities by ignoring the services users who cannot be tolerable with their as she was a professional nurse. As commented by MacLeod (2012), the major duty of the nurses who are involved with the mental health care services always has to seem active for highly caring of the services that are provided to the serious frail service users. I maintained all the legislative rules that are required within the mental health care workplace as well as I always seek to protect the organizational rules and the individual responsibilities. Moreover, I do not believe in the discrimination aspect. As I am a registered professional nurse, it is my duty to provide an enhanced quality of health care services to all of the services according to their health condition. As evidence, Mrs. Dickney was a poor woman whose husband was a contractual sweeper of the municipality of Melbourne. The relatives of Mrs. Dickney were also unable to pay the proper bills for their poor financial condition. Nevertheless, I provided a better quality of services to Mrs.Dickney; as I wanted to cure her up. It was a real hurt for me while I noticed that her health condition was deteriorating; as she was not fulfilling the advice as well as suggestions that are provided by the doctors of that mental health care organization. As I kept all the records of her health condition in the daily basis, the doctors were able to identify the exact reason for deteriorating her health condition as this activity is suggested by Muir-Cochrane, Barkway and Nizette (2014). Lastly, I can conclude that, I had maintained all the code of conducts as well as ethics for providing the better quality services to the frail service users as well as I was reached my objectives partially because at last Mrs. Dickney was dead and I can be blamed for this sad incident happened with her. Evaluating own experiences It is necessary to mention that, the case of Mrs. Dickney prompted the doubts as well as debates related to the several significant factors regarding nursing to me. Setting about the health care practices within the mental health care organization is highly essential for providing quality of services to the service users who are not mentally balanced as opined by Bowers (2014). Discussing with others is really helpful for mitigating various significant issues that cause harm to the mental service users. The actual pain of the frail service users was identified by my practices; as I frequently interacted with the doctors for curing up the service users as soon as possible. On the other hand, during my practices I have had a diversity of all various nationality as well as cultural service users and have had to complete all the significant aspects with respect along with non-judgmental about the race culture as well as religion of the service users not only in the mental health care workplace, but also in the other places where I found there is a chance for providing cure to the frail service users. In addition, I worked with the Mobile Assertive Team (MAT) as a member to provide a better quality of services to those service users who are admitted to the intensive care mental health care unit. It was a highly essential work experience to me and that why I always tried to seek advice as well as asked questions frequently to the senior members as well as professional doctors because it is suggested by O'Shea et al. (2013). As far I remember, I provided a unique idea for a solution for mitigating the health issue of a service user who was always tried to hi t the other service users. According to me, the doctors were satisfied with my decisions and provide a punching bag to that service user; as a result, the hazards due to that frail service user were entire stopped. Moreover, I am strong enough with my developed therapeutic relationship that is respectful according to the choices, circumstances as well as experiences of individual professionals. As opined by Elder et al. (2013), the involvement of the nurses and the other professionals are highly helpful for building the strengths of the mental health care team as well as effective team effort is able to enhance the resilience in promoting strategy as well as holding the hope towards the better outcomes. It is necessary to mention that, I was instrumental in promoting a room change to a single room for an individual who had to pray various times a day as well as night due to religious purposes that are a significant portion of the culture of the service users. On the other hand, I have liaised with the other agencies in order to provide collaborative, holistic care of those service users to whom I am linked with. As an example, in cases of the human being who are attracted to the consuming alcoh ol or substance abuse issues. It is necessary to mention that, I have liaised with agencies such as DASSA. Learning Objectives The case scenario of Mrs. Dickney, was an essential experience of my life that was very helpful for improvising the practical experience along with the related theories. I was little tensed as well as low confident as my practical skills and knowledge was not enhanced like my theoretical knowledge. I frequently made use of the nursing science for deciding the future outcomes related to the mental service users who are unable to live their healthy as well as normal life as it is suggested by McCann, Baird and Muir-Cochrane (2014). The main objective of my profession is to provide a better quality of services to the frail service users as per their health condition as well as cure them up as soon as possible for taking them into a healthier life. Therefore, my objective with my profession is to provide better services to the frail service users by maintaining proper legislative rules and significant responsibilities related to both organizations as well as ethics of nursing. I am satisfied as well as reached the goal that is fulfilling my profession related objectives; as I am now able to provide enhanced quality services rather than the previous services because I already participated in clinical supervision as well as I am working with various renowned organizations that are famous for providing treatments to the frail service users. However, it is necessary to mention that, I am not satisfied fully due to the incident of Mrs. Dickney because at last she was died due to her frailness as well as smoking activities. I tried hard for giving an enhanced quality mental health care service to her with my limited skills and experiences as well as I complained to the management of organization about that particular nurse who was buying cigarettes for Mrs. Dickney. On the other hand, I am satisfied that, I am maintaining all the legislative rules as well as ethics of the nursing profession with high respect. Moreover, when being involved in the mental health care of any service users be it that they are detained or voluntary as opined by Nourse et al. (2014). Henceforth, I adhere to the designative laws as well as the health care policies for promoting to the service users by informing them about their rights as well as actively advocating for the service users in all respect of their mental health care while remaining working with the nursing professional standards that govern my role. It is necessary to mention that, keeping records of all service users who are linked with me in a daily basis; as I maintain this particular activity as my daily objective. On the other hand, I am always seeking for the advice as well as suggestions for providing a better quality of treatment to the service users who are critical of their health conditions. Additionally, I discuss to maintain as well as considering for further development of my knowledge as well skills from my senior employees for my bett er future. Future Improvements As I already hold the position of a registered nurse as well as presently furthering my studies in mental health I have to concentrate on studies for enhancing as well as upgrading my knowledge and professional skills to provide a better quality of services to the service users besides my designated job within my workplace. On the other hand, as I have six months experience in the mental health care services with a reputed organization, I have to concentrate on the crucial steps that are taken to control the situations that are raised due to the aggressive frail service users. As opined by Martin et al. (2015), the knowledge as well as the skills always has to be upgraded because enhanced skills and experience are able to drive the professionals for providing better service quality. On the other hand, I have a folder on mental health related to the information that I am constantly updating as well as adding additional information that is highly essential for using the resources related to the mental health care services. In addition, I have focused on the leadership roles that are very effective for provide an enhanced quality of services. Therefore, I am not entirely reached my goals that are the main objectives of my career. I realized that, I am not properly able to handle serious aggressive situations of the frail service users without the help of the other experienced professionals. Conclusion As a conclusion, it can be concluded that, this reflective essay is entirely based on my professional experiences. The case scenario of Mrs. Dickney was a highly essential experience for me to improvise as well as identify the lack of my knowledge and skills. It is necessary to mention that, I was instrumental in promoting a room change to a single room for an individual who had to pray various times a day as well as night due to religious purposes that are a significant portion of the culture of the service users. In addition, I worked with the Mobile Assertive Team (MAT) as a member to provide a better quality of services to those service users who are admitted to the intensive care mental health care unit. It was a highly essential work experience to me and that why I always tried to seek advice as well as asked questions frequently to the senior members as well as professional doctors. Reference List Alasmee, N., Cross, W. and McCauley, K., 2014. Australian College of Mental Health Nurses 40th International Mental Health Nursing ConferenceHonouring the Past, Shaping the Future.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), pp.1-45. Bowers, L., 2014. Safewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(6), pp.499-508. Elder, R., Evans, K., Nizette, D. and Trenoweth, S., 2013.Mental Health Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hammond, J., Keeney, R. and Raiffa, H., 2015.Smart choices: A practical guide to making better decisions. Harvard Business Review Press. MacLeod, L., 2012. Making SMART goals smarter.Physician executive,38(2), pp.68-72. Martin, A., Krieg, H., Esposito, F., Stubbe, D. and Cardona, L., 2015. Reduction of restraint and seclusion through collaborative problem solving: a five-year prospective inpatient study.Psychiatric Services. McCann, T.V., Baird, J. and Muir-Cochrane, E., 2014. Attitudes of clinical staff toward the causes and management of aggression in acute old age psychiatry inpatient units.BMC psychiatry,14(1), p.80. Muir-Cochrane, E., Barkway, P. and Nizette, D., 2014.Mosby's pocketbook of mental health. Elsevier Health Sciences. Nourse, R., Reade, C., Stoltzfus, J. and Mittal, V., 2014. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment of aggressive patients admitted to the acute behavioral unit of a community general hospital: a prospective observational study.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord,16(3). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2016). Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. O'Shea, L.E., Mitchell, A.E., Picchioni, M.M. and Dickens, G.L., 2013. Moderators of the predictive efficacy of the historical, clinical and risk management-20 for aggression in psychiatric facilities: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Aggression and Violent Behavior,18(2), pp.255-270. Rigby, L., Wilson, I., Baker, J., Walton, T., Price, O., Dunne, K. and Keeley, P., 2012. The development and evaluation of a blendedenquiry based learning model for mental health nursing students:making your experience count.Nurse Education Today,32(3), pp.303-308. Schaffmeister, N., 2015.Brand Building and Marketing in Key Emerging Markets: A Practitioners Guide to Successful Brand Growth in China, India, Russia and Brazil. Springer. Sharon, M., 2013. Manual On Critical Issues In Nanotechnology RD Management An Asia-Pacific Perspective. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Yasin, S., 2013.Mental Health Awareness. Shafiq Yasin.

Sport Like A Mixed Form Of Communication Essays - Communication

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Laura Ashley: Deliberate and Emergent Strategies

Laura Ashley: Deliberate and Emergent Strategies Laura Ashley home furnishing and fashion is a popular store all over the world. This company has come a long way since Laura herself and Bernard Ashley had started their company by producing headscarves, tablemats and napkins for their kitchen tables in the 1950s. Twenty years later in the 1970s Laura and her husband made an investment, they started the company they first produced a dress for social occasion, this was their breakthrough and the sales increased and by then there were many stores open on different parts of the world. The company continued to expand worldwide and flourished throughout the 1980s. However it was one fatal day that Laura Ashley had fallen downstairs on her 60th birthday and died, this upset to the company only got worse after the incident and problems started to occur. Due to the fashion industry changing so rapidly and the fashion provided by Laura was soon replaced by casualness in comparison to the formality fashion the company offered. The company was left behind as it didnt adapt to the changes and didnt size up to the upcoming competition. Laura Ashley deteriorating performances lead to reaching out for help by getting a different CEO in place to help set the company on the right track. The company had up to 5 different CEOs from the dates of 1991-1999 and each one had their own strategies and views on how to run the company. Laura Ashley overall is an unlikely business success story and has gone through a lot and is now currently back to its roots of Kitchen tables covers but also taps in the current fashion industry and not as formal as before. 1. Map Laura Ashleys stakeholders using a power/interest matrix Stakeholders are those individuals or groups that have a part in the company (Hill Jones, 1995, pg 45). Mapping stakeholders is a strategic business tool that identifies and assesses the different effects of individual or group of stakeholders on a company. The power and interest matrix identifies which stakeholders play a vital part in the company and examines the power they have and their likelihood to use that power. ( G. Johnson K. Scholes, Exploring Corporate Strategy, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2002.) By examining the key stakeholder of Laura Ashley we will be able to identify who we should mainly concentrate on. The stakeholders matrix consists of four sections and is divided up accordingly to group A, group B, group C and group D. Group A is (Minimal Efforts) this group needs to be monitored but you do not need to actually provide these people with a lot of information. Group B on the other hand needs to be kept informed. Here you will need to keep the people sufficiently informed and you must ensure that you communicate with them in order to ensure that no problems or other issues may arise. These people are often very helpful to the company with regards to having some details about what you are doing. Group C you must ensure you keep them satisfied. In this situation the company needs to ensure that the people are kept satisfied, the actual difference here in comparison to the first group is that these people are not as interested in using their power. Group D are your key players and these are the people that you must fully engage with and you must ensure that you make the greatest efforts in satisfying them. Your position on the grid below shows you the actions that you must make when it comes to them (Rachel Thompson) Firstly the managers in Laura Ashleys are Laura Ashley herself and her husband Barnard Ashley. Together they are responsible for the overall running operations on the business and they compile different strategies in order for the company to be successful and then ensure that the strategies are implemented. Therefore Laura and her husband have very high levels of interest in the business as they have invested their own money in the company. Laura and her husband Barnard also have a high level of power as they decided on the effort levels of employees therefore they will both be classified as Key Players. The four board directors appointed by MUI also fall under Group A as they have a high level of power on the operations of the business and a high level of interest on the success of the business. The Shareholders of Laura Ashleys have both got high levels of interest and a high level of power therefore also putting them in Group D which is the Key players. According to the case Laura Ashleys shareholders, Malayan United Industries, showed their power by appointing four board members. Dr Khoo Kay Pen is the chair person of MUI and the reason why they have this power is because they had 40% of the chain. The fact they were so involved shows that they had a high level of interest in the success of the business. They showed this by opening new product lines and creating a sense of direction for the firm to further expand. Therefore this particular shareholder need to be kept informed and involved. Although Laura Ashley has other shareholders they dont necessarily have the high level of power that MUI does but they do still have a high level of interested in the business therefore putting them under group B, keeping informed. The reason why they might not have the same level of power to the other shareholder is because they do not have as much shares in the company therefore limiting them to have power to make or implement changes in the company. The Employees of Laura Ashleys are not really in title to high level of power but they do have a high level of interest in the company success. This is because they are concerned with the security of their job and they want to be kept informed on the future of the business and whether or not they will have an income and a job the next day. Therefore the employees of Laura Ashley fit under Group B, Keep Informed. The Distributors and suppliers of Laura Ashley are considered to have a high level of power but low interest levels making them fall under Group C, Keep Satisfied. The distributors and suppliers have high level of power because Laura Ashley is dependent on them making them more in control as they are the once supplying the company with the goods and without them Laura Ashley wouldnt have her quality products. The Distributors and suppliers do not have interest in the business itself just as long as they get paid on time. Customers of Laura Ashley are more concerned with the services they receive and the quality of the products that they purchase. Therefore the customers have a low level of interest in the business running. On the other hand the customers do have a high level of power in terms of deciding if they will be buying your product or not and without your customers Laura Ashley would not have business therefore the customers must be kept satisfied. The customers fall under group C and need to be provided with good services to keep them coming back. The Government plays a vital role in the business operations of Laura Ashley. They implement and increase or decrease tax. Therefore they have power over all businesses when it comes to influencing prices and how the company obeys certain policies that they draw up. The Government has a low level of interest the business itself as long as they pay tax and run their business according to the policies. Therefore the government fits in Group C, keep satisfied. Peel Hunt, the investment bank, would fall under Group A as they would be interest in the companys financial position and they have the power to close the business if the business is making a loss or is not operating according to how they planned. David Cook would be part of Group B as he is the financial director for Laura Ashley and has a high level of interest as an employee and he ensures that the company is financially sound. David Cook does not have a high level of power that influences the business. The Competitors that are competing against Laura Ashley have a high level of power in the sense of offering better services or prices that might impact how Laura Ashley might operate. The competitors might have power over the suppliers and distributors and therefore can be seen as a threat. Therefore it is important for Laura Ashley to be better than the competitors. The competitors also have a high level of interest on the business as they want to be better than Laura Ashley. The Media also plays a part in the power/interest matrix. Tamasin Doe, the director of a fashion magazine would fall under Group B, keep informed. The magazine would be helping the company in promoting their collection. Therefore they need to be kept informed on what is happening within the company and the collection. The magazine has a high level of interest in the business but low level of power or the operations of the business. 2. How would you characterize Laura Ashleys Core Values? Core Values is essential for an organization as it sets guiding principles for the company. Your companys core values should not be confused with cultural practices or operating practices and it should not be comprised of the companys financial gains or short term expediency (Johnson, Schole Whittington, pg 163). Values are seen as a life directing guideline that helps underline the behavior expected. (Trice Beyer 1984) Laura Ashleys core values revolve around their brand, diversification, employees and their customers satisfaction. Laura Ashley value for diversity allowed a much broader employee commitment and it will attract more employees. By getting the employees committed will help guide their decisions and behaviours. This will be shown and discussed accordingly in the paragraphs below. The Core Value of Laura Ashley was founded in the 1950s when Laura and her husband started making basic material accessories in their apartment. Hard work and dedication was the reason why they are so successful today. With dedication and a vision Laura and her husband had the right attitude and passion to become successful business owners. Their value of staying true to who they were and offering the same quality products over the years is also another indication of how dedicated and passionate they were about what they were offering a quality brand to their customers. The attitude that Laura had helped direct her behavior in the sense of how she put everything she could to ensure that the products were of good quality and with this good work ethics Laura was able to guide her organization strategy to be successful. When Laura Ashley died her company carried on but with the same values that she had created and this helped the organization stay close to the roots of Laura Ashley and the vision on where she wanted the business to be. Laura Ashleys kept up to date with the latest trends and made their line inspirational an unique. Therefore they created the value around their brand and ensured that it kept up with the latest trends and fashion apple to the customers. The idea of attaching Laura Ashleys name to the brand was to help customers identify the real quality provided as she uses her own name. This shows that they were positive in their products quality. Laura Ashley was able to personalize and self express with her products which is what added value to the customers. After all the company has gone through such as expansion and numerous of different managers, Laura Ashleys core values remained. The brand heritage was based meaning that it was accessible and it had good designs that were realistically priced. The fact that the brand was so well established it left the customers to have a sense of trust in the quality products that is provided. Laura Ashley lives up to their promises which shows integrity. Laura Ashley identified and develop a clearer, concise and a shared meaning of values and direction because of all the changes they have gone through the employees had to adapt to each new chief executives ways and this could have caused some confusion if the value was not understood. Values help guide the employees in their decision making and this can help with the services to the customers and result in customers satisfaction. (Trice Beyer 1984) These core values identifies exactly what Laura Ashley is all about. They concentrate on the quality brands and ensure that they achieve customer satisfaction. Core Values have helped the company survive and it has helped them stay true to the roots that Laura Ashley herself created. Therefore the core values are very important within a business and it helped identify the business. 3. Recommend a new Mission statement/or Vision Statement for Laura Ashley. A mission Statement defines the purpose of an organization and their primary objectives. A mission statement is developed to define the key measures to a business success. (Angela Schnaubelt Aug 1, 2007) Your mission statement will help an organization have a precise direction about what you plan on doing and where you are going in the future. (Angela Schnaubelt Aug 1, 2007) A Vision Statement is your ticket to success and is like an image in words of your companys future, like a mission statement it also defines the purpose of the organisation but in terms of the organisations values. (Susan Ward, About.com Guide) The statement provides inspiration for both the companys daily operations and strategic decision making. In other words without a clear vision statement it would be impossible to have effective business planning. (Susan Ward, About.com Guide) A Vision Statement provides the company and the employees a sense of direction and a plan on how to get there in order to accomplish the business goals. (Susan Ward, About.com Guide) Laura Ashleys new mission statement will ensure that everyone will feel drawn to and feel more a part of the business and respect the values. I would recommend that the mission statement should be edited as follows: Laura Ashleys wants to establish relationships with those who share a love of the lifestyle that Laura Ashley herself did. Laura Ashleys act to protect those relationships formed and wants to ensure that the relationships are prosperous and long-term. With highly respectable and knowledgeable employees, Laura Ashley can provide the customers with good sales services and help customers find their individuality. The vision of Laura Ashley had changed numerous of times due to the fact that when a new chief executive came they saw different ways to make Laura Ashley a success and each one had their own mind set on how they were going to achieve that. Therefore I would recommend that Laura Ashleys vision statement should be fixed no matter who the chief executive is as this will ensure that the employees dont get confused with what they must accomplish. Today Laura Ashley is in a strong position with 450 stores around the world and is well situated for further expansion. (Lillian Tan, Chief Executive Officer of Laura Ashley in 2005). I would recommend that Laura Ashleys vision statement should be as follows: We want Laura Ashleys to be a place We want Laura Ashleys to be a place where the customers can come and feel welcome and have a good time shopping and finding their individuality. From the moment our customers walk in our store they will be greeted by a warm atmosphere, subtle music and friendly staff. I envisions that Laura Ashley been a leading individual store that provides customers with variety of products and fashion that ensures individuality for each customer. By changing both the mission statement and vision statement for Laura Ashley will be a new adventure for them. The fact that Laura Ashley went back to its roots it would only be wise to change them both and ensure that the employees understand where the company is going and what they should to help it get there. 4. To what extent was Laura Ashleys strategy development emergent or deliberate? A deliberate strategy is more of a desired strategy that is deliberately formulated or planned by the managers. Its associated with the use of tools, techniques and frameworks for strategic analysis and evaluation. (G. Johnson, K. Scholes, R. Whittington) Deliberate strategy involves a 6 step process namely: 1 Environmental Analysis, 2 Goal Setting, 3 Strategy Formulation, 4 Strategy Implementation, 5 Evaluation/Control, 6 Feedback. (G. Johnson, K. Scholes, R. Whittington) An Emergent strategy on the other hand comes about through everyday routines, activities and processes in organisations leading to decisions that become a long-term direction of an organisation. (G. Johnson, K. Scholes, R. Whittington) An emergent strategy is a pattern of action that develops over time in an organization in the absence of a specific mission and goals, or despite a mission and goals. (D. J. Power,ÂÂ  Alexander P. and Daniel J.,ÂÂ  Planning ) Within 14 years Laura Ashleys had up to 11 different CEOs and each one had a different strategy that they implemented. Due to the companys plans and brand investment strategy that was implemented across the fashion and home furnishing department. Laura Ashleys brand became well known and standards were set for good quality product and this deliberate strategy evolved in customer loyalty. On the other hand Laura Ashleys strategy was also an emergent strategy. It was stated that they went into the market by been a home furnishing but the break though came about when Laura Ashley produced a dress for social occasion. At the time Laura Ashley made and emergent strategy to start tapping into the fashion industry. This emergent strategy made the success of the company. Laura Ashleys strategy was deliberate. Laura Ashley ensured that her strategy was to get her brand well known and recognized by the customers and potential customers. By using this strategy Laura Ashley knew she could concentrate on differentiating her products from her competitors as she wanted to put value to her brand. Laura Ashley did this to gain customer loyalty therefore she made the brand the central part of Lauras strategy. Laura Ashley herself planned a strategy that would ensure her brand would be a success. Laura and her husband did environment analysis to see if there was indeed a market. Though the years of operation things drastically changed. After the death of Laura the strategy was still in place but was forced to be emergent at times due to the changes in the environment. When Ann Iverson was selected to be chief executive she made a emergent strategy to expand Laura Ashleys overseas and she tried to appeal to the younger customers in the UK. This strategy that Iverson implemented at the end of the day becomes trouble because there were not enough products to fill each of these huge stores. This could have been a result of not carefully planning. Therefore another emergent strategy had to be put in place. The emergent strategy was to let Ann Iverson go and to put a rescue team in place. This emergent strategy left Laura Ashley having a lifeline, their major shareholder Malayan United Industries (MUI). MUI purchased 40 per cent of Laura Ashley. MUI then came up with a deliberate strategy to appoint four new boards of directors and this resulted in giving Laura Ashley some stability that they needed. MUI implemented many emergent strategies to get Laura Ashleys pack on track, they even closed down some stores that were unprofitable and closed those stores thats rented was too high. This strategy was to ensure that the expenses of Laura Ashley didnt exceed the money coming in. The overall strategy was to modernize the brand but at the same time to remain true to Laura Ashleys brand values, this strategy is emergent as well for the simple fact that it wasnt necessary to go through a long process that is time consuming. Laura Ashleys did not have the time to waste and needed to act fast due to the changes in the environment and due to the changes within the company itself. The one part of Laura Ashley that was deliberate was when they relocated the poorer performing stores from the prime areas to the larger off-pitch stores. This was deliberate as they intended to save money and costs. They had to do environmental analysis to identify the stores that were not doing so well and when they identified these stores they had to set goals in order to ensure that they dont lose any more money. By setting a goal that want to move the unprofitable stores they were deliberately planning to ensure the Laura Ashley succeeds. The next step they took was setting the strategy to actually take the unprofitable stores and move them to larger stores that were off the prime areas, this strategy was implemented for the simple fact of not having a store that is not doing well in you important areas as it could have damaged the brand image. In total this case study of Laura Ashley had deliberate and emergent strategies implemented. Due to the fact that Laura Ashley was a fragile company it was important that they did implement more of the emergent strategies as they had so many CEOs and people running the company that did change business runnings, some good and some bad. With emergent strategies it allowed them to take the opportunities they saw quickly and turn them into a success. CONCLUSION: Laura Ashleys is a business that included product development in order to satisfy the needs or the target customers though focusing on the signature brand offered. Laura Ashleys main strategy evolved around the product brand. The brand strategy provided the company with a solid base as to know that the products must always be high quality as it is the face of the business. Laura Ashleys is a rare success story and is surely an inspiration to many other companies that have grown to international status. The company has succeed for the reason that it was always looking for ways to improve their services and to improve their operations in order to increase customer services and to expand the business globally. The home furnishing offered by Laura Ashley played a major part in building the brand to be recognised, this was because they put extra value to their customers and provided them with quality goods. The company has come a long way since Laura and her husband Bernard started printing fabric on their kitchen table in London. Due to their investment in what they considered would be successfully turned out to be true, as sales increased and the company kept on growing as well. Laura Ashley had a clear brand strategy and when Laura herself was managing things she had a clear vision of wanting to be able to provide quality products to her customers and build long term relationships with them in order to ensure that they will come back. Lauras vision was to be able to also share a common interest with her customers and ensure customer satisfaction by providing excellent services. Harvard Referencing: G. Johnson K. Scholes, Exploring Corporate Strategy, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2002 page 30, 134, 156, 401-402, 407-408 D. J. Power, Alexander P. and Daniel J., Planning Skills .COMsm Susan Ward, About.com Guide Lillian Tan, Chief Executive Officer of Laura Ashley in 2005 Angela Schnaubelt 1 AUGUST 2007 Trice, H Beyer, J 1984, Studding Organizational Cultures through Rites and Ceremonies, Academy of Management review 9, no 4:655 C. Hill G. Jones, 1995, Strategic Management: an integrated approach, third edition, pg 45

A Comparison of T. Thomas Fortune and Booker T. Washington

Alex Roth White Power/Black Leadership November 14, 2007 Booker T. Washington and T. Thomas Fortune Though not as well known today as many of his contemporaries, T. Thomas Fortune was the foremost African American journalist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Using his editorial position at a series of black newspapers in New York City, Fortune established himself as a leading spokesman and defender of the rights of African Americans in both the South and the North (wikipedia). The life of T Thomas Fortune spanned several significant periods in American history. His seventy-two years included the experiences of slavery, Reconstruction, â€Å"the Nadir,† and the Harlem Renaissance. In varying degrees, these opposing periods in time influenced and determined the direction of Fortune's life and the realization if his identity as an â€Å"Afro-American. † On the other hand, one of the most influential, celebrated, and criticized black leaders of the twentieth century was Booker T. Washington. Few public figures in African American life during the period of post-slavery excited as much passion and misunderstanding as Washington. Born a slave and deprived of any early education, he became America’s foremost black educator of the late 1890s and early 1900s, introducing the nation to his own brand of education and reform for the post-Civil War United States. Besides using his journalistic pulpit to demand equal economic opportunity for blacks and equal protection under the law, T. Thomas Fortune founded the Afro-American League, an equal rights organization that preceded the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), to extend this battle into the political arena (Thornbrough). However, his great hopes for the league never materialized, and he gradually began to abandon his militant position in favor of educator/activist Booker T. Washington's compromising, accommodationist stance (Thornbrough). Fortune's later years, wracked by alcohol abuse, depression, and poverty, precipitated a decline in his once-prominent reputation as well. Washington’s career, on the other hand, was no less successful or influential than that of Fortune’s. He was the founder, first teacher, and principal of the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, which later became the staple for almost all southern black education. Here Washington instituted his belief in vocational training as a means for black self-reliance, as well as a way to further the black community through providing services people of all races could benefit from (Washington). He became a well-known orator throughout his career, wrote a best-selling autobiography (Up From Slavery, 1901), and advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft on race relations in the United States. Later in his life Washington was given the nickname of â€Å"The Great Accommodator† which provides an indication of why later black influences, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and the N. A. A. C. P. so heavily criticized his leadership (Du Bois). Washington was the driving force behind the Tuskegee machine from 1891 until his death in 1915, constantly controlling every operation that occurred at the school. Together these two men helped to shape the landscape of the black community for years after their deaths and as will be shown when their paths crossed during the courses of their lives, sparks flew, tempers flared, and the history of Black America was changed forever. Timothy Thomas Fortune was born a slave in Marianna, Florida on October 3, 1858 (Thornbrough 3). Early in his boyhood he was exposed to the three factors that later dominated his life – journalism, white racism, and politics. Fortune was only five years old when slavery was abolished in 1863 by the Emancipation Proclamation. His father, Emanuel Fortune, was a literate slave artisan and one of two African Americans elected as delegates to the 1868 state's constitutional convention and a member of the Florida House of Representatives, and his mother, Sarah Jane Moore, was a slave. Fortune was raised amid tumultuous times in Reconstruction Florida (12). Southern whites, resentful of black political participation, intimidated blacks through acts of violence; Jackson County, the Fortunes' hometown, witnessed some of the worst examples. The Fortune family escaped with their lives, losing their home and profitable farm as they were forced to emigrate to Jacksonville, Florida to start a new life (23). . The young Fortune obtained his education in Florida through a variety of avenues both formal and informal. While in Marianna and Jacksonville he attended Freedmen's Bureau schools and picked up knowledge of the printer's trade from observation in the office of the Marianna Courier (wikipedia). This printing shop was the first of several in which T. Thomas Fortune worked and learned the trade. At the age of thirteen he began his political apprenticeship in Tallahassee, Florida where he was a page in the State Senate and learned first-hand about political corruption and the exploitation of blacks by whites in politics. Fortune's distrust of political parties and his attitude toward race relations were influenced greatly by his teen years in the State Capitol (Thornbrough 34). He also preferred to spend his time hanging around the offices of various local newspapers rather than in school. As a result, he left Florida in 1876 at the age of 19 and enrolled at Howard University during the winter 1874 term to study law. He changed to journalism after two semesters, but a lack of money limited his stay at Howard (40). While enrolled at school he spent part of his time working in the print shop of the People's Advocate, an early black newspaper, where his love of journalism flourished. In 1877 while still in Washington D. C. , Fortune married his long-time sweetheart from Florida, Carrie Smiley (wikipedia). For the next two years he taught school in Florida and worked for the Jacksonville Daily Union as a printer. In 1878 Fortune traveled to New York, where he was hired to the staff of the New York Sun, eventually working his way up to the editorial staff as those around him began to recognize his incredible abilities as a writer and journalist (Thornbrough). A few years later in 1881 Fortune, along with George Parker and Walter Sampson began the newspaper the New York Globe, where Fortune soon became the editor. The New York Globe and its successors, the New York Freeman in 1884 and the New York Age in 1887, would establish Fortune as the head of black journalists (50). One of the reasons that these papers were so successful was their high literary quality and relentless editing by Fortune. At this time he began to establish himself as a leading voice in the fight against American racism and wrote several editorials that argued for equal treatment and protection of the black community. Under his leadership, the New York Globe and its predecessors were regarded as the most distinguished Afro-American papers in the nation (wikipedia). While editor of the New York Globe, Fortune attacked Republicans for not caring â€Å"a snap of the finger† for Negroes and he called upon blacks to form a â€Å"new honest party. Unlike most African Americans of his era, he felt no special affinity or loyalty fort the Republican Party (Fortune). While most black leaders and black newspapers felt an allegiance to the party of Abraham Lincoln, Fortune denounced the Compromise of 1877, when the Republicans ended Reconstruction and sacrificed the constitutional righ ts of southern blacks. He believed that the period of Reconstruction had not sufficiently given the black community an opportunity to establish a base for their future in this country (93). Fortune’s ability to mobilize the black population through the press and other political actions created a desire for the creation of an Afro-American League (Thornbrough). In December of 1889, more than one hundred delegates from twenty-three states met in Chicago to organize the league. The group’s goal was to attain full citizenship and equality for the black community. However, after much effort to organize chapters and raise funds, the league failed, but paved the way for others, such as the Niagara Movement and the N. A. A. C. P. , which is still in action to this day (67). In 1895, the prominent black leader Frederick Douglass died, making Fortune the most well-known militant black spokesperson in the North. However, this came at the price of Republican funding, since Fortune was an independent political thinker, effectively putting his newspapers into financial crisis and forcing him to depend on Booker T. Washington for small sums of money (wikipedia). At this point in their lives both Fortune and Washington were at the peaks of their influential campaigns, trying to make a difference for the black community. I would now like to talk about the background of our other black leader, Booker T. Washington, in order for the reader to get a sense of his upbringing and beliefs before the pair is compared. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born in 1856 on a slave plantation in Virginia (Washington 7). He was about ten years old when in 1865 the Union defeated the Rebels, ending the Civil War and essentially freeing the southern slaves. Soon after this Washington’s family settled in West Virginia. This is the time in Booker’s life when he began to have a thirst for learning, so he asked his mother for a Webster’s â€Å"blue back† spelling book, which put him on the track to greatness (18). Washington one day overheard discussion of a school for blacks called Hampton Institute, and he promptly determined that he would seek a formal education there. Before going to Hampton, Washington worked for a second time in the home of a white family, in this case as a houseboy for General Lewis Ruffner and his wife, Viola, owners of the local mines (Washington 24). Here he learned the importance of strict discipline and form, something that he took with him for the rest of his life and readily applied to his everyday endeavors. In 1872 he set out for Hampton Institute. When his money gave out, he worked at odd jobs. Sleeping under wooden sidewalks, begging rides, and walking, he traveled the remaining 80 miles and asked for admission and assistance (26). After Hampton officials tested him by having him clean a room, he was admitted and given work as a janitor. This is when Booker was noticed for his diligence, hard work, and attention to detail, all characteristics that he emphasized in every aspect of his life. Hampton Institute, founded in 1868 by a former Union general, emphasized manual training. The students learned useful trades and earned their way. Washington studied brick masonry along with collegiate courses. Graduating in 1876, he taught in a rural school for two years (40). Studying at Wayland Seminary in Washington, D. C. , he became disenchanted with classical education, considering his fellow students to be dandies more interested in making an impression and living off the black masses than in serving mankind. He became convinced that practical, manual training in rural skills and crafts would save his race, not higher learning divorced from the reality of the black man's downtrodden existence. In 1879 he was invited to teach at Hampton Institute, particularly to supervise 100 Native Americans admitted experimentally (Washington 47). He proved a great success in his two years on the faculty. In 1881 citizens in Tuskegee, Alabama, asked Hampton's president to recommend a white man to head their new black college; he suggested Washington instead. The school had an annual legislative appropriation of $2, 000 for salaries, but no campus, buildings, pupils, or staff (Washington 51). Washington had to recruit pupils and teachers and raise money for land, buildings, and equipment. Under Washington's leadership (1881-1915), Tuskegee Institute became an important force in black education. Tuskegee pioneered in agricultural extension, sending out demonstration wagons that brought better methods to farmers and sharecroppers. Graduates founded numerous â€Å"little Tuskegees (wikipedia). † African Americans mired in the poverty and degradation of cotton sharecropping improved their farming techniques, income, and living conditions. Washington urged them to become capitalists, founding the National Negro Business League in 1900. By 1915 Tuskegee had 1, 500 students and a larger endowment than any other black institution (wikipedia). At this point in Washington’s journey he begins to kindle a friendship with a black journalist from New York named T. Thomas Fortune. Washington and Fortune seemingly made strange friends. Apparent opposites – the former a soft-spoken accommodationist and the latter a militant agitator – in actuality, they were very good friends who corresponded almost daily throughout the 1890s. Their relationship was based on mutual affection, mutual self-interest, similar backgrounds, and the same ultimate goals for people of color (Thornbough). Born as slaves in the same year and growing up in the Reconstruction South, both men felt a deep obligation to their native region and a duty to improve the condition of southern blacks. Washington provided a model for the black community after his own life. He believed that blacks should work their way from the bottom up because that is where they stood in the first place. He proclaimed that there was honor, duty, and merit to be found in performing challenging, hard work (Washington 37-38). At Tuskegee Booker reinforced the fact that blacks should not feel undignified about taking part in manual labor, but instead learn to love it. Washington also emphasized the importance of personal hygiene to each of his students, stating that â€Å"Absolute cleanliness of the body has been insisted upon from the first. (Washington 81). This belief stemmed from the thought that being presentable and personally responsible for one’s appearance would lead to a more civilized environment for all men and women (80). He believed that to do something that the world needed was the greatest way to earn merit and become rewarded in society. He also believed that blacks should become economically viable before attempting any ventures into politics. Washington stated that black rights would come at a slow and steady pace and that blacks should wait before becoming involved with political affairs (Washington 85). This accomodationist attitude was not favored by many in the black community, including Fortune’s militant beliefs of agitation. Booker’s motto was â€Å"hand, head, and heart,† meaning that that all things should start through the dignified duties of performing tasks the world needs done (42). He believed in an industrial education where his students were prepared for the real world and able to make a contribution not only to themselves, but the black community as a whole. Like Washington, Fortune emphasized the importance of education and believed that practical vocational training was the immediate educational need for blacks as they emerged from slavery (wikipedia). He, too, counseled success through thrift, hard work, and the acquisition of land, believing that education and economic progress were necessary before blacks could attain full citizenship rights. Although the two leaders played different roles and presented contrasting public images, their alliance was mutually useful. Fortune was editor of the leading black newspaper, and Washington needed the Age to present and defend his ideas and methods. Fortune also helped edit Washington's speeches and was the ghostwriter for books and articles appearing under his name, including A New Negro for a New Century and The Negro in Business (Thornbrough). Similarly, as Washington's reputation and influence grew, particularly in Republican circles, he could be a powerful friend. For years he secretly subsidized the Age, helping to keep it solvent. Fortune hoped for Washington's intercession with President Theodore Roosevelt for a permanent political appointment, but all he received was a temporary mission to the Philippines in 1903 (wikipedia). Fortune's dependency on Washington continued to grow. He bought an expensive house, Maple Hill, in Red Bank, New Jersey, in 1901. Its mortgage payments, added to the financial woes of the Age, compounded his monetary problems. As attacks mounted on Washington for his accommodationist methods, Fortune felt compelled to defend his friend. But Washington's more militant black critics, notably W. E. B. Du Bois and the leaders of the 1905 Niagara Movement, simply denounced Fortune as an untrustworthy, former â€Å"Afro-American agitator (Du Bois 69). A new generation of black leaders was appearing, and Fortune's influence was beginning to wane. He broke with Washington and joined members of the Niagara Group in criticizing President Roosevelt's discharge of black troops following a riot in Brownsville, Texas, in 1906. Needing Washington's support though ideologically drawn to his detractors, Fortune faced a crossroads: his life began to disintegrate. Disillusioned and discouraged after h is long efforts on behalf of black America, he separated from his wife, increased his heavy drinking, and suffered what his contemporaries described as a nervous breakdown (Thornbrough). Washington took control of the Age in 1907 by becoming one of the principal stockholders. Later that year Fortune sold his interest in the paper to Fred R. Moore, who became the new editor. This effectively ended Fortune's influence as a black leader. From time to time he found work as an editorial writer and correspondent for the Age and the Amsterdam News. He edited the Washington Sun for a few months before it folded (Thornbrough). Slowly he recovered and in 1919 he joined the staff of the Norfolk Journal and Guide, continuing to write commentaries and editorials for the rest of his life. He became editor of Negro World, black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey's publication, in 1923, remaining there until his death in 1928, but not before the pioneer activist had joined the ranks of Washington's critics, apologized for his ideological waywardness, and observed that â€Å"all along the way I have shaken the trees and others have gathered the fruit (Fortune). † Many critics agree that it was all but impossible for anyone to achieve the ambitious goals Fortune had set given the climate of the times in which he lived. When he abandoned his militant ideology to promote Washington's more accommodationist methods, Fortune destroyed his own credibility as a leader and his personal integrity as well. This was something he could not live with, and it seemed to destroy him. As Emma Lou Thornbrough wrote in her biography T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist, â€Å"Unable to bend as Washington had, he was broken. Before he was thirty years old Timothy Thomas Fortune was widely acclaimed as the most able and influential black journalist of his times and was seen by some as a possible successor to Frederick Douglass. As an editor in New York toward the end of the nineteenth century, he sought to use the press as a vehicle for mobilizing black public opinion to support his militant ideology and for establishing himself as spokesman for and defender of the rights of Afro-Americans in the South as well as in the North. He viewed political action as necessary for achieving his ideological goals as well as an instrument for fulfilling his own personal aspirations. He also conceived of a national organization as a means of carrying out his aims and led in the formation of the National Afro-American League. His political ambitions were thwarted as were his hopes for the League, and in later years his reputation as a militant and uncompromising champion of the rights of blacks was compromised by his ties with Booker T. Washington, with whom his career became inextricably linked. This seeming paradoxical relationship between the two men grew out of the interest that each had in furthering his own career as well as out of mutual respect and affection. But as Washington's prestige and power grew, Fortune's influence and reputation declined (19). Although outwardly conciliatory, Washington secretly financed and encouraged attempts and lawsuits to block southern moves to disfranchise and segregate blacks. He had lost two wives by death and married a third time in 1893. His death on Nov. 14, 1915, cleared the way for blacks to return to Douglass's tactics of agitating for equal political, social, and economic rights (wikipedia). In 1895 Washington gave his famous â€Å"Atlanta Compromise† speech (Washington 99). Although he shared the late Frederick Douglass's long-range goals of equality and integration, Washington renounced agitation and protest tactics. He urged blacks to subordinate demands for political and social rights, concentrating instead on improving job skills and usefulness. â€Å"The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house,† he said (101). He appealed to white people to rely on loyal, proven black workers, pointing out that the South would advance to the degree that blacks were allowed to secure education and become productive. Washington's position so pleased whites, North and South, that they made him the new black spokesman. He became powerful, having the deciding voice in Federal appointments of African Americans and in philanthropic grants to black institutions (wikipedia). Through subsidies or secret partnerships, he controlled black newspapers, stifling critics. Overawed by his power and hoping his tactics would work, many blacks went along. However, increasingly during his last years, such black intellectuals as W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter denounced his surrender of civil rights and his stressing of training in crafts, some obsolete, to the neglect of liberal education (Du Bois 73). Opposition centered in the Niagara Movement, founded in 1905, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which succeeded it in 1910. In the Atlanta Exposition speech Booker speaks of the progress of the black community ahs made since the end of the Civil War. He had created the Negro Business League, where black businesses were able to get money and become established through the aid of other black businesses. He also stated his theory of education needing to be industrial, so that young blacks could become independent by providing services the world needs. However, this progress seemed to be tainted because there was very little room for growth, especially in industry and politics. Here it is said that Booker became known as an accomodationist. He made statements during the speech that lead others in the black community to criticize his leadership and future goals of the race as a whole. He said that blacks got as much out of slavery as whites, meaning that they had skills others did not possess (Washington 14). He also stated that he opposed slavery, but was not bitter about the entire nation under this hierarchal control. He thought that blacks should not ask for many rights or privileges because he did not want to annoy them. This view differed completing from those of T. Thomas Fortune because he believed in a more militant approach to the gaining of political and social rights (Bracey et. al. 213) . In â€Å"We Know Our Rights and Have the Courage to Defend Them† he presents a black nationalist view of the United States after the Civil War and Reconstruction (Bracey et. l. 213) . Booker also shared in this view, stating the â€Å"we are a nation within a nation,† although many educated blacks wanted to be seen as Americans. In this writing, Fortune wanted to press the case for black rights, sharing a spirit of agitation with the black community, something that differed heavily from the teachings of Washington (214). Fortune wanted to stir things up by challenging blacks to have manhood and to stand up to white prejudice that they witnessed in their everyday lives, coming up with an actual program to aid this progress (217). First, he represses voter intimidation of the blacks in the South. Second, he discourages the reign of the lynch and mob laws. And third, he discusses the unequal distribution of school funds to black educational endeavors, such as the Tuskegee Institute. Fortune believed that many of these issues were worth fighting for and if the black community could act in solidarity they would eventually achieve their goals (Bracey et. al. 218). The relationship between Fortune and Washington was, to say the least, a tumultuous one, riddled with disagreements and hardships. T. Thomas Fortune was much more outspoken and militant than was his friend Washington, who preferred a less hostile method of progressivism. These men both live incredibly different lives, but were connected by their beliefs in creating a better world for the black community, through political, social, and economic change. Their work will never be forgotten and will be able to be seen well into the future as blacks are continuing to forge ahead, making the world a place that both T. Thomas Fortune and Booker T. Washington could be proud of. Works Cited Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc, 1996. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 1997. Fortune, Thomas T. Black and White: Land, Labor, and Politics in the South. New York: Arno Press, 1968. Thornbrough, Emma Lou. T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist. New York: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Bracey, John H. , August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick. Black Nationalism in America. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1970 â€Å"Wikipedia. † 9 Nov. 2007